A considerable part of Lauxanidae specimens was obtained by Malaise traps (marked as MT). Data from study area Šúr nature reserve were obtained by 4 traps situated in different communities: Pannonian oak–hornbeam woods (Quercetum), alder fen woods (Alnetum), salt meadow covered by subhalophil vegetation and wetland, a nonforest, underflooded community placed in Quercetum. MT from study area Bučany was situated in an orchard, in wider environment was numerously represented Acer campestris. Next study area was situated in Rokoš (the Strážovské vrchy Mts), covered by xerophilous meadows neighbouring with calciphilous beech woods. Study area Suché doly (the Muránska planina Mts), was situated in mountain meadow surrounded by beech forest. Study area Čremošná – Tisovec (the Muránska planina Mts) was covered by vast mowed mezophilous meadows enclosed by mixed forests. Study area Ihráč (the Štiavnické vrchy Mts) was situated in extensive end of garden surrounded by spring area and in wider area by mixed forests.

The rest comes from private collection of Dr. M. Kozánek – Bratislava (MK). Altogether more than 5 thousands of individuals are included. The material was mainly determined using a key of Papp (1979). Several specimens were identified using recent taxonomic studies (Papp 1987, Merz 2001, 2003b, 2004).

Calliopum aeneum (Fallén 1820)

Borská Nížina: Jakubov (7567), 2.8.1981, 1♀, leg. MK. Malé Karpaty: Devínska Kobyla (7867), 22.5.1990, 1♀, leg. MK; Bratislava – Lamač (7768), 28.5.1979, 1♂, leg. MK; 5.6.1979, 1♂, leg. MK; Buková (7470), 19.8.1997, 1♀, leg. MK. Podunajská rovina: Šúr (7769), 1.7.2008, 1♀, MT; 7.7.2008, 1♀, MT; 12.8.2008, 1♂, MT; 19.9.2008, 8♀, MT; 7.10.2008, 1♂,1♀, MT; 21.10.2008, 2♀, MT; Ivanka pri Dunaji (7869), 30.5.1979, 2♂, leg. MK; Podunajské Biskupice (7869), 14.6.1976, 1♀, leg. MK; Cífer (7670), 2.8.1978, 1♀, leg. MK. Trnavská pahorkatina: Modra (7669), 3.9.1977, 1♂, leg. Gabel; Bučany (7572), 13.–20.5.2007, 1♂, 2♀, MT. Považský Inovec: Beckov (7273), 20.8.1991, 1♂, leg. MK; Lúka (7373), 13.–20.6.1999, 1♂, MT. Strážovské vrchy: Horná Poruba – Vápeč (7075) stredné Slovensko, 26.8.1997, 1♀, leg. MK; Bindárka (7075), 14.8.1985, 1♂. leg. MK; Trubárka (7075), 30.7.1985, 1♂, leg. MK; Rokoš (7276), 5.6.2008, 2♂, 1♀, MT; 28.6.2008, 15♂, MT; 23.7.2008, 1♂, 1♀, MT; 16.8.2008, 11♂, MT; 19.8.2008, 4♂, MT. Hornonitrianska kotlina: Bojnice (7277), 15.8.1979, 1♂, leg. MK; 20.8.1991, 1♀, leg. MK; Prievidza (7277), 8.6.1980, 1♀, leg. MK. Kremnické vrchy: Ihráč (7379), 20.–30.6.1996, 1♀, MT; 10.–20.10.1996, 1♀, MT. Krupinská planina: Ipeľské Úľany (7880), 31.5.19891, 1♂, leg. MK. Ipeľská kotlina: Dolné Strháre (7782), 31.5.1971, 1♂, leg. MK. Veľká Fatra: Mošovce (7079), 29.7.1992, 2♂, MT; 16.8.1992, 1♂, MT; 19.8.1992, 2♂, MT; 22.8.1992, 3♂, 1♀, MT; 28.8.1992, 3♂, 2♀, MT; 30.8.1992, 1♂, MT; 6.9.1992, 8♂, 1♀, MT; 8.9.1992, 1♀, MT;16.9.1992, 1♂, MT; 18.9.1992, 1♂, MT. Turčianska kotlina: Martin (6979), 13.6.1980, 1♀, leg. Moravčík. Muránska planina: Suché doly (7385), 5.6.2003, 1♂, MT; 12.6.2003, 1♂, MT; 27.7.2003, 1♀, MT; 2.8.2003, 1♂, MT; 26.9.2003, 1♀, MT; Tisovec – Čremošná (7385), 4.7.2004, 1♂, MT; 23.8.2004, 2♂, 1♀, MT; 1.9.2004, 4♂, 2♀, MT; 19.9.2004, 3♀, MT; 2.10.2004, 1♂, 2♀, MT; 23.10.2004, 1♀, MT; Paseky (7385), 22.6.2001, 1♂, MT; 14.8.2001, 1♂, MT; 24.8.2001, 2♂, MT; 31.8.2001, 2♂, MT; 7.9.2001, 4♂, 2♀ MT; 14.9.2001, 3♂, 1♀ MT; 21.9.2001, 1♂, 1♀ MT; 5.10.2001, 3♂, 1♀ MT; 12.10.2001, 3♀ MT. Slovenský kras: Kečovo (7588), 9.6.1971, 1♂, leg. MK.

Calliopum elisae (Meigen, 1826)

Borská Nížina: Jakubov (7567),2.8.1981, 1♂ leg. MK. Podunajská rovina: Šúr (7769), 11.6.1978, 1♂, leg. MK; 24.5.1990, 1♂, leg. MK; Podunajské Biskupice (7869), 30.5.1978, 1♀, leg. MK; Malé Karpaty: Bratislava – Lamač, (7768), 3.8.1980, 1♂, leg. MK. Strážovské vrchy: Bindárka (7075), 30.7.1985, 1♀, leg. MK. Veľká Fatra: Mošovce (7079), 29.7.1992, 1♂, MT; 22.8.1992, 1♀, MT; Liptovská Kotlina: Kvačany (6883), 26.7.1990, 1♂, leg. MK; Liptovský Ján (6984), 11.7.1976, 1♂, leg. MK. Muránska planina: Suché doly (7385), 20.6.2003, 1♀, MT; 29.6.2003, 1♂, MT; 13.7.2003, 1♂, 1♀, MT; 20.7.2003, 3♂, 6♀, MT; 27.7.2003, 1♂, 2♀, MT; 2.8.2003, 1♀, MT; 9.8.2003, 1♀, MT. Popradská kotlina: Štrba (6986), 8.7.1990, 1♂, MT, leg. MK.

Calliopum simillimum (Collin, 1933)

Borská nížina: Láb (7667)30.6.1976, 1♂, leg. MK; Jakubov (7567), 2.8.1987, 1♂, leg. MK. Podunajská rovina: Bratislava (7868), 26.8.1976, 1♀, leg. MK; Kopáč (7968), 5.10.1990, 1♀, leg. MK; Podunajské Biskupice (7869), 14.6.1976, 1♀, leg. MK; 30.5.1978, 1♀, leg. MK; Ivanka pri Dunaji (7869), 20.5.1979, 1♂, leg. MK; Šúr (7769), 14.6.1988, 1♂, leg. MK; 25.7.1988, 2♂, leg. MK; 31.8.1988, 1♂, 2♀, leg. MK;15.6.2008, 5♂, 6♀, MT. Podunajská rovina: Senec (7770), 18.7.1980, 1♂, leg. MK. Trnavská pahorkatina: Bučany (7572), 13.–20.5.2007, 3♂, 3♀, MT. Považský Inovec: Lúka, (7373), 20.–27.9.1999, 2♂, MT; 20.–27.9.1999, 1♂, MT; 11.–18.10.1999, 1♂, MT. Strážovské vrchy: Rokoš (7276), 23.7.2008, 1♀, MT. Štiavnické vrchy: Ihráč (7379), 1.–10.4.1996, 1♀, MT; 20.–30.4.1996, 1♀, MT; 10.–20.9.1996, 2♀, MT; 20.–30.9.1996, 1♂, 1♀, MT; 1.–10.10.1996, 1♂, MT; 10.–20.10.1996, 3♂, 4♀, MT; 1.10.11.1996, 1♂, 2♀, MT. Štiavnické vrchy: Banská Belá (7579), 14.10.1996, 1♂, leg. MK. Ipeľská kotlina: Kiarov (7872), 24.6.1994, 2♀, leg. MK. Veľká Fatra: Mošovce (7079), 29.7.1992, 2♂, MT. Muránska planina: Tisovec – Čremošná (7385), 22.6.2004, 1♂, MT; 4.7.2004, 1♀, MT; 5.7.2004, 4♂, 1♀, MT; 10.7.2004, 1♀, MT; 22.7.2004, 2♂, MT; 23.8.2004, 18♂, 7♀ 1.9.2004, 10♂, MT; 19.9.2008, 5♂, 5♀, MT; 2.10.2004, 11♂, MT; 7.10.2004, 1♂, MT; 23.10.2004, 6♂, 4♀, MT; Suché doly (7385), 20.6.2003, 1♂, MT; 4.7.2003, 1♂, MT; 13.7.2003, 1♂, MT; 27.7.2003, 1♂, 1♀, MT; 9.8.2003, 3♂, 2♀, MT; Paseky (7385), 13.7.2001, 1♂, MT; 24.8.2001, 2♂, MT; 7.9.2001, 1♂, MT; 14.9.2001, 1♀, MT; 21.9.2001, 1♂, MT; 5.10.2001, 2♀, MT; 12.10.2001, 3♂, 2♀, MT; 19.10.2001, 1♂, MT.

Calliopum splendidum Papp, 1978

Podunajská rovina: Šúr (7769), 25.7.1988, 1♂, leg. MK. Muránska planina: Paseky (7385), 4.7.2001, 2♂, MT; 21.8.2001, 1♂, MT.

Eusapromyza multipunctata (Fallén, 1820)

A considerable part of Lauxanidae specimens was obtained by Malaise traps (marked as MT). Data from study area Šúr nature reserve were obtained by 4 traps situated in different communities: Pannonian oak–hornbeam woods (Quercetum), alder fen woods (Alnetum), salt meadow covered by subhalophil vegetation and wetland, a nonforest, underflooded community placed in Quercetum. MT from study area Bučany was situated in an orchard, in wider environment was numerously represented Acer campestris. Next study area was situated in Rokoš (the Strážovské vrchy Mts), covered by xerophilous meadows neighbouring with calciphilous beech woods. Study area Suché doly (the Muránska planina Mts), was situated in mountain meadow surrounded by beech forest. Study area Čremošná – Tisovec (the Muránska planina Mts) was covered by vast mowed mezophilous meadows enclosed by mixed forests. Study area Ihráč (the Štiavnické vrchy Mts) was situated in extensive end of garden surrounded by spring area and in wider area by mixed forests.

The rest comes from private collection of Dr. M. Kozánek – Bratislava (MK). Altogether more than 5 thousands of individuals are included. For determination was used key and taxonomic published by Papp (1979, 1987), and partial keys and revisions published by Merz (2001, 2003b, 2004).

Fig. 1. Seasonal activity of Homoneura spp. in the locality Šúr (the Podunajská rovina lowland) based on collections by MT in year 2008.

 

Fig. 2. Seasonal activity of Homoneura spp in the locality Bučany (the Trnavská pahorkatina) during year 2007.

 

Fig. 3. Seasonal activity of Lyciella platycephala in the locality Suché doly (the Muránska planina Mts) during year 2003.

 

Fig. 4. Seasonal activity of Caliopum simullimum in a Quercetum, wetland and Alnetum in the locality Šúr (the Podunajská rovina lowland) during year 2008.

 

Fig. 5. Seasonal activity of Calliopum aeneum and C. simullimum in the locality Bučany (the Trnavská pahorkatina) during year 2007.

 

Fig. 6. Seasonal activity of Peplomyza intermedia in wetland, Quercetum and a salt meadow in the locality Šúr (the Podunajská nížina lowland) during year 2008.

 

Fig. 7. Seasonal activity of Peplomyza litura in the locality Suché doly (the Muránska planina Mts) during year 2003.

 

Fig. 8. Seasonal activity of Lyciella rorida in Alnetum, the locality Šúr (the Podunajská nížina lowland) during year 2008.

 

Fig. 9. Seasonal activity of Minettia plumicornis in the locality Bučany (the Trnavská pahorkatina) dirung year 2007.

 

Fig. 10. Seasonal activity of Nannomyza bosalis in the locality Suché doly (the Muránska planina Mts) during year 2003.

 

Fig. 11. Seasonal activity of Nannomyza bosalis in the locality Tisovec – Čremošná (the Muránska planina Mts) during year 2004.

 

Fig. 12. Seasonal activity of Pseudolyciella stylata and P. pallidiventris in the locality Rokoš (the Strážovské vrchy Mts) during year 2008.

 

Fig. 13. Seasonal activity of Pseudolyciella stylata and P. pallidiventris in the locality Tisovec – Čremošná (the Muránska planina Mts) during year 2004.

 

Slovak Lauxaniidae are fairly well-known. The first checklist of Martínek (1986) included 61 species. This list become a base for further research resulted in extended list of Lauxaniidae presented by Dvořáková (2006), where altogether 65 species are listed for the territory of Slovak republic. In this work we introduce faunistic records for 58 species, two of them were previously not known from Slovakia: Homoneura tesquae, and Minettia subvittata. Hovewer, in some neighbouring countries higher number of species is known. Papp (2001) listed 73 species known from Hungary, but at least 18 further species are expected. 72 species are known from the Czech Republic, occurrence of which cannot be excluded from Slovakia. Mainly the eastern part of Slovakia is still unexplored. Hence, we can suppose, that the real number of species living in Slovakia is higher. Based on checklists of neighbouring countries (Merz 2007a) we can expect at least nine further species: Calliopum geniculatum Fabricius, 1805, Eusapromyza poeciloptera Loew, 1857, Homoneura christophi Becker, 1895, H. consobrina Zetterstedt, 1847, H. lamellata Becker, 1895, H. modesta Loew, 1857, Lauxania albomaculata Strobl, 1909, Pachycerina pulchra Loew, 1850 and Sapromyza viciespunctata Czerny, 1932.

A few species (Schumannimyia hyalinata, Poecylolycia vittata and Nannomyza basalis) treated in this work in different genera, are classified according to Fauna Europaea as a single genus Sapromyza. According to Shewell (1987) and Papp & Shatalkin (1998) some larger genera, like Sapromyza and Lyciella are considered as non–monophyletic and recognition of its numerous species groups as distinct genera is overdue. After discussion with Merz we attached to opinion treat mentioned species as separate genera. The same goes for species Pseudolyciella pallidiventris and P. stylata classified according to Fauna Europaea as Lyciella. For more information see e.g. Merz (2007b) and Shatalkin (2000).

For interpretation of Lauxaniidae seasonal dynamics it is important to note, that the adults are mostly sedentary, resting on vegetation. As observed by Merz (2003a), they keep places, where develop there larvae. Consequently, stable presence of a certain species implies that it is a member of this community.

On the other hand, number of specimens in one MT sample reflects abundance as well as flight activity of individual species through sample period. However, flight activity strongly underlies whether condition. Therefore, the interpretation of seasonal dynamics is very difficult, as we have no method to determine proportion of both.

Restriction of all Homoneura species (Figs 1, 2) to summer and early autumn months may reflect there requirements, as they are generally more termophilous. Homoneurinae are poorly represented in North–West Europe, contrary to the Lauxaniinae (Greve & Merz 2003), which tend to occur even in October and November (Figs 3–13).

Some species occur irregularly through whole season (e.g. Lyciella platycephala, Fig. 3). This implies that at least some species are univoltine with one rather extended generation or with two or several overlapping generations, as noticed by Papp (1979). Number of generations of Lauxaniidae species is possible to assign only with difficulty. Miller (1977b) refers to species of Homoneura to have a partial second generation. Longevity of Homoneura species reared under laboratory conditions was at most 4 month (Miller 1977b), what is in a good fit with our results: 3–4 months for Homoneura spp. and 4–5 months for other species. Seasonal dynamics of some Lauxaniidae suggests presence of two generations (Figs 4–8), but comparing with data from Miller, we can not state this with certainty. The question of number of generations could resolve only further research.

Calliopum simillimum is missing from earnest samples from alder forest (Fig. 4). This may be explained by specific conditions of water regime. Alder forest is in spring flooded by water from melting snow. Though oak forest is partly flooded to, the amount of water never reaches that of the alder forest. Higher number of specimens in wetland through September may reflect type of habitat: it is a non–forest community; which may be preferred due to windy conditions, which facilitate dispersion. Approximately the same pattern applies to C. aeneum (Fig. 5).

Very similar pattern in seasonal dynamics can be seen in Peplomyza intermedia (Fig. 6) and P. litura (Fig. 7). Comparing to C. simillimum, P. intermedia prefers dryer habitats, missing from humid alder forest.

Lyciella rorida (Fig. 8) is a very common species; in Switzerland it is especially abundant in mountains (Merz 2003a), in Hungary it occurs only in forests (Papp 1979). In conditions of Šúr nature reserve it clearly prefers humid forest conditions; it occurs only in three communities: wetland (1 specimen), salt meadow (7 specimens), and Alnetum (134 specimens).

An unexpected enhancement of specimens, as in Minettia plumicornis (Fig. 9), and most strikingly Nannomyza basalis (Figs 10, 11) may be a result of more intensive flight activity through a short period of year. Females are usually slightly prevailing. For example, for N. basalis representation of both sexes from 4.7.2004 was 103♀:90♂, and from 20.7.2003 it was 97♀:80♂. Biological significance of such behaviour may be very important; as dispersion achieves an appropriate population density, ensures colonizing of newly established habitats and compensates natural losses. Similar pattern show partly also other species, namely Calliopum spp. and Peplomyza spp.

An interesting pattern shows couple Pseudolyciella stylata and P. pallidivenstris (Figs 12, 13). Both species occurs through considerable part of vegetation season (Figs 9, 10). Females are indistinguishable (Papp 1979), so only males are included. P. pallidivenstris and P. stylata occur in very similar numbers nearly in every sample. Together with findings that they occur frequently together at the same localities (Merz 2003a), we may conclude, that they have probably very similar requirements for the environment and they react on ecological factors in similar manner. All this findings underlies there very close relatedness even in ecological sense.